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|
| Proper name |
Copper |
| Category |
Trace mineral |
| Functions |
Copper is involved in hemoglobin synthesis and facilitates the absorption
of iron. For this reason, it has been called the "iron twin". Copper is
needed for the formation of elastin and collagen, the materials that provide
structural integrity and elasticity to tendons, ligaments, bone, skin and
the connective tissue component of organs and blood vessels. Many enzymes
are made with copper, including one of the most powerful free-radical scavengers,
superoxide dismutase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase, needed to synthesize
norepinephrine. Copper's role in superoxide dismutase may account for its
anti-inflammatory effect on arthritis. Copper deficiency is associated
with elevated cholesterol and triglycerides. Abnormally high and low levels
of copper increase the risk of cardiovascular abnormalities. Copper deficiency
may be involved in osteoporosis and also in diabetes. |
| RDA |
1.5 to 3 mg per day for adults |
| Therapeutic
dose |
2 to 4 mg per day. |
| Deficiency symptoms |
Frank copper deficiency is rare, although some surveys indicate that the
diet of most Americans provides only half the required amount of copper.
Deficiency may be caused by ingestion of zinc supplements. Symptoms of
copper deficiency include loss of hair and skin color (lack of melanin),
anemia, fatigue, kinky hair, low body temperature, weak connective tissue,
reduced resistance to infection, nervous system disorder and cardiovascular
problems. A genetic defect of copper absorption is characterized by kinky
hair (like steel wool), stunted growth, cardiovascular and skeletal abnormalities,
progressive cognitive decline and premature death. Copper deficiency has
also been associated with emphysema. |
| Toxicity |
Toxicity rarely occurs unless intake is 300-500 times normal. The most common
copper toxicity is a genetic disorder called Wilson's disease. Copper workers,
welders and persons with corroded copper water pipes may be at risk. The
common symptoms of copper poisoning are metallic taste in mouth, headache,
gastrointestinal disturbances, dizziness and weakness. Severe cases may
cause liver damage, kidney failure, hypertension and death. Wilson's disease
causes schizophrenia in addition to other symptoms. |
| Best
forms
|
Not known. Copper gluconate may not be bioavailable. |
| Food
sources |
Liver and other organ meats, oysters, nuts and seeds, whole grains, dried
legumes, green leafy vegetables and chocolate. |
| Lab
tests |
Serum copper, ceruloplasmin |
| Drug
interactions |
Copper is depleted by ingestion of Ethambutol, Penicillamine and Zidovudine.
Nutrient interactions Excessive zinc increases copper excretion. |
| Nutrient interactions |
Vitamin E inhibits the absorption of iron. It is better to take iron and
Vitamin E at different meals. |
| Metabolism |
Copper is absorbed
in the small intestine and transported to the liver on transcuprein and
albumin. Copper is then secreted into the blood as ceruloplasmin, a powerful
antioxidant.
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